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In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that using the BETT, OTCG, and OTS classification systems is useful for describing and evaluating GROIs. The present study showed devastating results of GROIs, similar to previous reports.4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Of the 22 patients described herein, 40.9% had open-globe injuries and 22.7% eventually underwent enucleation. Consistent with previous studies,pro v 1 golf balls, 2, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 19 we showed that GROIs generally have devastating results for VA as well as for globe preservation. If ocular injury occurs by direct impact while the golf ball is traveling at a high velocity, globe rupture is hard to avoid.7, 8, 9, 10, 11 Even in penetrating injuries caused by broken glasses, the direct impact may result in extensive eyewall injuries, as occurred in Cases 6 and 7. These explanations could also account for the mechanism of orbital wall fracture in GROIs. In addition, patients with open-globe injuries tended to have more ocular adnexal injuries requiring surgeries than patients with a contusion injury. The FVA in cases with contusion injuries depended on the severity of injury to the posterior segment, including commotio retinae, choroidal rupture, and macular hole.

The severity of the open-globe injury could be assessed without a verbose laceration length and location description. A rupture is defined as a full-thickness wound of the eyewall caused by a blunt object, and a laceration is defined as a full-thickness wound of the eyewall caused by a sharp object.14 Among the open-globe injuries in our study, all rupture cases eventually underwent enucleation, whereas no cases of penetrating injury required enucleation. Although rupture was often defined as any type of open-globe injury in many studies, open-globe injuries can be classified as either a rupture or a laceration according to the BETT. In addition, the OGCT classification system provided an easy, simple method for describing both the location and the extent of an open-globe injury. Han and Yu20 reported that the OTS system had predictive value in open-globe injuries occurring in Asian population, and that the VA following an open-globe injury in the OTS category 1 or 2 was significantly better than that reported in the OTS study. In contrast, all of our OTS category 1 cases required enucleation. The remaining two cases eventually developed phthisis bulbi.

Our VA results, which were categorized by the OTS, were comparable to those of the OTS study (Table 3).16 Unfortunately, our study had only 22 cases and did not have sufficient statistical power to be compared with the OTS study. The present study had several limitations. In the present study, vision could not be preserved in zone III open-globe injuries and 71.4% (5 of 7 cases) of zone III cases underwent enucleation. Three of our cases with penetrating injuries (Cases 6, 7, and 16) had full-thickness lacerations well over 10 mm in length (19, 26, and 11 mm, respectively) and enucleation was avoided in all three cases. Orbital wall fractures were only observed in 54.5% (12 cases) of cases, but among patients with open-globe injuries 88.9% (eight out of nine cases) had orbital wall fractures. In addition, 50% (2 cases) of penetrating cases had preserved vision, with the VA ranging between 20/100 and 20/200. Eyewear, which broke in all cases, may have absorbed some of the travelling-golf ball’s energy, and helped protect the eye and preserve the globe, even though the broken glasses caused the penetrating injuries. Check out Golf Coupons as well who are a fairly new online golf shop and have been around for the past 8 months.